Table 1. Types of nature-based solutions, their fishery and inland water management benefits and co-benefits

Types of NbS	Fishery and inland water management benefits	Co-benefits	Sources
Wetland management	∙ Fish farming∙ Sustain fisheries and aquaculture∙ Maintain or boost fish stocks∙ Provide fish habitat (spawning, feeding)∙ Clean water∙ Regulate water flow∙ Reuse nutrients∙ Water temperature control	∙ Biodiversity∙ Stimulate local economies and job creation (farming, fishing, tourism)∙ Carbon storage and sequestration∙ Provide a social amenity (recreation)	Cross et al. (2021)Iseman & Miralles-Wilhelm (2021)Jongman et al. (2021)Matthews & Cruz (2022)Price (2021)Takavakoglou et al. (2022)Taylor et al. (2018)WWAP (2018)
Reconnectingrivers tofloodplains	∙ Maintain or boost fish stocks∙ Provide diverse habitats for fish∙ Maintain water abstractions∙ Water supply regulation∙ Food mitigation∙ Water purification	∙ Biodiversity∙ Recreation∙ Nutrient replenishment∙ Livelihood opportunities∙ Resilience to extreme∙ Climate events	Addy et al. (2016)Cross et al. (2021)Price (2021)Smith & Chausson (2021)Souliotis & Voulvoulis (2022)Taylor et al. (2018)WWAP (2018)
Riparian buffers	∙ Provide diverse habitats for fish∙ Migration corridor and nursery area for fish∙ Riverine flood mitigation∙ Water purification∙ Erosion reduction ∙ Water temperature control	∙ Biodiversity ∙ Recreation	Arlinghaus et al. (2015)Segura et al. (2018)Smith & Chausson (2021)Taylor et al. (2018)
River restoration	∙ Provide diverse habitats for fish∙ Maintain or boost fish stocks∙ Provide fish shelter areas during high flows∙ Water supply regulation∙ Pollution purification∙ Reduce habitat loss and sediments	∙ Water supply regulation∙ Flood mitigation∙ Aesthetic value∙ Biodiversity∙ Recreation and tourism∙ Food mitigation	Addy et al. (2016)Arlinghaus et al. (2016)Cross et al. (2021)WWAP (2018)Price (2021)Souliotis & Voulvoulis (2022)
Protected areas	∙ Provide diverse habitats for fish∙ Maintain or boost fish stocks∙ Water supply regulation∙ Physical modification reduction∙ Reduce habitat loss and sediments	∙ Climate change mitigation∙ Biodiversity	Abell et al. (2007)Kupilas et al. (2021)Loury (2020)Marselle et al. (2019)
Aquaculture	∙ Fish production∙ Reduce capture fishery∙ Maintain or boost fish stocks∙ Reduce pollution discharge	∙ Economic and ecological targets∙ Livelihood opportunities	IUCN (2022)