Table 2. Comparison of the size of inhibition zone for carbon dot-ZnO-TiO₂ nanocomposite (CDZT) against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria under 470 nm of visible light

Bacteria		Light off	Light on (470 nm)	Photo-enhanced antibacterial activity
Gram-negative	Escherichia coli	11.37 ± 1.11	15.82 ± 0.61	Yes (39% higher)
	Salmonella typhimurium	11.73 ± 2.32	17.96 ± 0.62	Yes (53% higher)
Gram-positive	Bacillus cereus	11.02 ± 0.81	15.55 ± 1.01	Yes (41% higher)
	Staphylococcus aureus	11.91 ± 0.31	12.12 ± 0.91	– (1.7% higher)