Table 1. Comparison of the size of inhibition zone for carbon dot-ZnO-TiO₂ nanocomposite (CDZT) against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria under 365 nm of ultraviolet (UV) light

Bacteria		UV off	UV on (365 nm)	Photo-enhanced antibacterial activity
Gram-negative	Escherichia coli	12.87 ± 2.14	14.97 ± 3.95	Yes (16% higher)
	Salmonella typhimurium	11.20 ± 1.66	11.41 ± 1.93	– (1.8% higher)
Gram-positive	Bacillus cereus	14.23 ± 5.17	19.60 ± 8.86	Yes (38% higher)
	Staphylococcus aureus	14.77 ± 4.69	19.93 ± 5.35	Yes (35% higher)