Table 3. Chemical constituents of Cipangopaludina lecythis flesh and shell-opercula extracts using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)

Sample details	Compounds	Molecular formula	Retention time (min)	Major ion	Area % compound ± SD1)	Bioactive properties or uses	References
Flesh	ChitinCE	(C8H13O5N)n	1.283	203.1; 202.0	29.21 ± 0.41	Tissue engineering, wound dressings, Antimicrobial agents, antiaging cosmetics, and vaccine adjuvants	Ali-Komi & Hamblin (2016)
Flesh	6-gingerolCE	C17H26O4	1.729	294.7; 236.0	29.03 ± 0.17	Anticancer activities, anti-inflammation, and anti-oxidation	Wang et al. (2014)
Flesh	ChamazuleneME	C14H16	1.176	188.9; 185.0	16.45 ± 1.01	Antioxidant properties and reverses Osteoarthritic inflammation	Capuzzo et al. (2014)
Flesh	Carotene-ZetaME	C40H60	1.488	541.7; 540.8	7.07 ± 0.78	Unknown	ND
Flesh	HesperidinME	C28H34O15	1.719	742.6; 637.0	5.45 ± 0.47	Antioxidant, antibacterial, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic	Pyrzynska (2022)
Flesh	Linoleic acidME	C18H32O2	2.374	279.7; 201.6	7.12 ± 0.33	Anti-inflammatory properties	Özçiçek et al. (2023)
Shell/opercula	AllantoinCE	C4H6N4O3	1.822	159.7; 116.9	20.31 ± 0.38	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatoryCytoprotective	Dinica et al. (2021)
Shell/opercula	LupanineME	C15H24N2O	1.117	249.0; 232.9	8.26 ± 0.09	Antioxidant, anti-cholinergic and antidiabetic activity	Kolak et al. (2011)
Shell/opercula	Syringic acidME	C9H10O5	1.228	197.5; 195.8	12.22 ± 0.25	Anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiendotoxic	Srinivasulu et al. (2018)

The total Area % for the compounds presented here does not add up to 100% due to the presence of other unidentified compounds in the extracts.
CE, chrolorofrom extract; ME, methanol extract; ND, not detected.