Table 4. Summary of impact of ocean acidification on juvenile and adult of abalone

Species CO2/pH range Experiment duration Measured Findings References
Haliotis laevigata (Juvenile) pH 9.25, 8.45, 7.95, 7.30, 6.72, and 6.08 68 d Oxygen consumption rate Reduce at 9.25, 6.72, and 6.08 Harris et al., 1999
H. laevigata (Juvenile) pH 9.01, 8.27, 7.76, 7.46, 7.16, and 6.79 68 d Survival rate Reduce at 6.79
Food consumption Reduce at 7.16
Haliotis rubra (Juvenile) pH 9.01, 8.27, 7.76, 7.46, 7.16, and 6.79 68 d Survival rate Reduce at 7.76 and 6.79
Food consumption Reduce at 7.16
Haliotis iris (Juvenile) 450, 1,000, and 1,600 µatm (pH 8.1, 7.8, 7.6) 100 d in autum/winter and 100 d in spring/summer Survival Reduce in large juvenile in pH 7.6 during autumn/winter experiment Cunningham et al., 2016
Shell length - Shorter at pH 7.6 in autumn/winter for small juveniles- Shorter at pH 7.8 and 7.6 in spring/summer for small juveniles- Shorter at pH 7.8 and 7.6 on autumn/winter for large juvenile
Growth (wet weight) - Decreased for small juveniles at both seasons- NS on autumn/winter for large juvenile- Decrease on spring/summer for large juvenile
Haliotis iris (Juvenile) 450, 1,000, and 1,600 µatm (pH 8.1, 7.8, 7.6) 100 d in autum/winter and 100 d in spring/summer Respiration NS Cunningham et al., 2016
H. iris (Juvenile) 400 and 1,000 µatm (pHT 8.00 and 7.66) combine with temperature 13℃ and 15℃ 4 mon Survival NS Cummings et al., 2019
Shell growth NS
dry flesh weigh NS
Total thickness of the shells NS
The prismatic layer Thinner at low pH
Nacre layer Thickened at lowered pH and higher temperature
Haliotis tuberculata (Adult) 400 and 1,000 µatm pCO2 (pH 8.0 and 7.7) 5 mon Survival rate NS Avignon et al., 2020
Growth rate Lower at pH 7.7
Haemolymph and muscle weights NS
Gonad weight Decreased weight at lower pH at the end of 4 mon
Phagocytosis efficiency NS
Respiration rate NS
Excretion rate NS
H. tuberculata (Adult) 400 and 1,000 µatm pCO2 (pH 8.0 and 7.7). 5 mon Calcification related gene expression NS Avignon et al., 2020
Stress related gene expression NS
Shell coloration Pale at low pH
Calcification rate Decrease at low pH
Shell weight and thickness NS
Periostracum thickness Thinner at low pH
Shell fracture force Increase at low pH
H. tuberculata (Adult) pH 7.9, 7.7, and 7.4 15 d Survival and growth NS Auzoux-Bordenave et al., 2021
Haemolymph pHT Decrease at pH 7.4
Total alkalinity (AT) in haemolymph. Decrease at pH 7.4
pCO2 in haemolymph. Decrease at pH 7.4 in day 10
HCO3- hæmolymph Decrease at pH 7.4
Protein content in hæmolymph NS
Haliotis diversicolor (Adult) 560, 880, and 1,600 μatm 1 year Shell surface Pale at low pH and decrease spirorbid density Guo et al., 2023
Haliotis diversicolor (Adult) 560, 880, and 1,600 μatm 1 year Shell growth Lower in the pCO2 1,600 μatm Guo et al., 2023
Shell thickness NS
The ratio of nacre layer thickness to prismatic layer thickness Higher in the pCO2 1,600 μatm
Mechanical properties of the shell Decrease in the pCO2 1,600 μatm
The number of nano-asperities in the n acre tablet Decrease in the pCO2 1,600 μatm
The Na/Ca ratio in the prismatic aragonite layer Not follow the pattern of increasing with rising pCO2
Haliotis discus hannai (Adult) 560, 880, and 1,600 μatm 1 year Shell surface Periostracum layer pale and decrease spirorbid density at high pCO2 Guo et al., 2023
Shell growth Decrease only in the pCO2 880 μatm
Shell thickness Lower the shell thickness
The ratio of nacre layer to prismatic layer thickness NS
H. discus hannai (Adult) 560, 880, and 1,600 μatm 1 year Mechanical properties of the shell Decrease in the pCO2 1,600 μatm Guo et al., 2023
The number of nano-asperities in the nacre tablet NS
The Na/Ca ratio in the prismatic aragonite layer NS
H. discus hannai (Adult) pH 8.1 and 7.5 combination with 15℃, 20℃, and 25℃ 5 d Survival rate NS Kim et al., 2023
H2O2 and MDA levels in hemolymph H2O2, MDA levels and SOD, CAT, caspase-3 expression were Increased under low/high temperature and/or low pH
mRNA expression of SOD enzymes, CAT, and caspase-3
Apoptosis level in the hepatopancreas Higher under high temperatures and low pH conditions
Haliotis tuberculata (Adult) pH 8.01 and 7.7 3 mon Food consumption NS Roussel et al., 2024
NS, non significant; MDA, malondialdehyde; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase.