Table 3. Summary of the impact of ocean acidification on early larval development

Species CO2/pH range Experiment duration Measured Findings References
Haliotis tuberculata 8.2, 7.9, 7.8, and 7.6 15 min Fertilization rate NS Byrne et al., 2010
Haliotis coccoradiata 8.2, 7.9, 7.8, and 7.6 15 min Fertilization rate NS
H. coccoradiata 7.8 and 7.6 21 h Shelled larvae Decrease under low pH Byrne et al., 2011
Haliotis kamtschatkana 400, 800, and 1,800 ppm (pH 8.3, 8.07, 7.81) Total duration 8 d Number of larvae Decrease under low pH Crim et al., 2011
Normal shell
Shell length
Settlement rate NS
Haliotis discus hannai 450, 650, 850, and 1,050 µatm (pH 7.96, 7.83, 7.79, 7.73) 15 h Fertilization rate NS Kimura et al., 2011
Hatching rate Decrease at 650–1,050 µatm
75 h Mortality NS
Malformation rate NS
Shell length Decrease at 850–1,050 µatm
H. discus hannai 500, 1,100, 1,650, and 2,150 µatm (pH 7.94, 7.68, 7.54, 7.43) 15 h Fertilization rate Decrease at 1,650–2,150 µatm Kimura et al., 2011
Hatching rate Decrease at 1,650–2,150 µatm
H. discus hannai 500, 1,100, 1,650, and 2,150 µatm (pH 7.94, 7.68, 7.54, 7.43) 75 h Mortality NS Kimura et al., 2011
Malformation rate Increase at 1,100–2,150 µatm
Shell length Shorter at 1,650–2,150 µatm
H. discus hannai 8.2, 7.9, 7.6, and 7.3 15 h Hatching time Longer at pH 7.6–7.3 Li et al., 2013
Hatching rate Decrease at pH 7.3
60 h Malformation rate Increase at 7.6 and 7.3
48 h Metamorphosis rate Decrease at pH 7.3
Shell length Shorter at 7.6 and 7.3
H. discus hannai 400, 800, 1,500, 2,000, and 3,000 ppm (8.15, 7.94, 7.71, 7.61, 7.43) 30 min Fertilization rate Decrease at 3,000 ppm Guo et al., 2015
8 h Hatching rate Decrease at 1,500, 2,000, 3,000 ppm
24 and 48 h Shell length Shorter at 800 ppm
Haliotis diversicolor 400, 800, 1,500, 2,000, and 3,000 ppm (8.15, 7.94, 7.71, 7.61, 7.43) 30 min Fertilization rate Decrease at 2,000–3,000 ppm
8 h Hatching rate Decrease at 1,500, 2,000, 3,000 ppm
24 and 48 h Shell length Shorter at 800 ppm
Haliotis asinina 7.9–58.03, 7.63–7.89, 7.46–7.70, and 7.24–7.52 15 d Settlement rate Decrease at low pH Tahil & Dy, 2015
H. asinina 7.95–7.99, 7.76–7.80, 7.58–7.62, and 7.37–7.41 6.4 h Hatching rate Decrease at pH 7.6 and 7.4 Tahil & Dy, 2016
Normal hatch trocophore
Haliotis rufescens 7.1, 7.3, 7.5, 7.7, 7.9 600 s Survival rate Decrease under low pH Boch et al., 2017
H. asinina 8.15, 7.85, and 7.65 24 h Shell length Decrease under low pH Santander & Sayno, 2018
Malformation rate Increase at low pH
Haliotis tuberculata 8.0, 7.7, and 7.6 Total duration 5 d (sampling at 20, 30, 48, 96 hpf) Larval viability Decrease under low pH Wessel et al., 2018
The percentage of shelled larvae Lower at pH 7.6
Shell calcification Decrease at ph 7.6
Haliotis iris 8.05 and 7.65 Settlement rate NS Espinel-Velasco et al., 2021
Haliotis tuberculata 8.0 and 7.7 Total duration 96 h (sampling at 24, 72, 96 hpf) Hatching rate NS Kavousi et al., 2022
Swimming rate NS
Shell formation Decrease at low pH for 24 and 72 hpf larvae
H. tuberculata 8.0 and 7.7 Total duration 96 h (sampling at 24, 72, 96 hpf) Tissue organogenesis Decrease at low pH for 24 and 72 hpf larvae Kavousi et al., 2022
Shell lenght Shorter at low pH for 72 hpf larvae
Shell calcification Decrease at low pH for 72 hpf larvae
Larval settlement NS
H. tuberculata 8.0 and 7.7 Larval swimming behaviour NS Kavousi et al., 2022
Haliotis rufescens 8.0, 7.8, and 7.6 48 and 108 h Veliger maturation Decrease at pH 7.6 Gómez-Reyes et al., 2023
Short term and long term Settlement rate Decrease under low pH for short term experiment
Haliotis discus hannai 8.2, 7.9, 7.6, 7.3, and 7.0 30 hpf Hatching rate NS Pratiwi et al., 2024
Larvae length Decrease at pH 7.0
Malformation rate Increase at pH 7.0 and 7.3
NS, non significant.