| Anti-cancer | – Triterpenoids exhibited cytotoxic activity was exhibited against human leukemia HL-60 and human hepatoma BEL-7402 cells– Frondoside A resulted in inhibition of lung cancer cells LNM 35 in xenografts, reduction of AsPC-1 pancreatic cancer cell lines growth, induction of apoptosis in pancreatic cells, and inhibited the migration of MBA-MD-231 breast cancer cells– Frondoside A inhibited cell viability in Burkitt’s lymphoma cell lines | Adrian & Collin, 2018Li et al., 2013Sajwani, 2019 |
| Anti-viral | – FUCS-1 blocked entry and replication of HIVIIIB laboratory strain– FUCS-1 reduced p24 antigens in HIV-1KM018 and HIV-1TC2 clinical isolates– Cytopathic effect of HSV-1 virus prevented up to 98.3% in vitro through treatment with crude water extract of sea cucumber– Liuouvilloside A reduced HSV-1 infectivity to 24%– Liuouvilloside B reduced HSV-1 infectivity to 2.5% | Farshadpour et al., 2014Maier et al., 2001Pangestuti & Arifin, 2017 |
| Anti-bacterial | – Proteases bromelain and papain exhibited antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Pseudomonas sp.– Cuvierian organs, and coelomic fluid of sea cucumber exhibited antibacterial effects against E. coli, Salmonella typhi, P. aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus | Adibpour et al., 2014Ghanbari et al., 2012 |
| Anti-fungal | – Body wall and coelomic fluid of sea cucumber inhibited growth of Candida albicans, Aspergillus brasiliensis, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus fumigatus– Variegatuside D, and variegatuside E exhibited significant inhibition of C. albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida neoformans, Candida tropicalis, Candida pseudotropicalis, Nannizzia gypsea | Adibpour et al., 2014Cardoso et al., 2020 |
| Anti-coagulant/anti-thrombotic | – Lower molecular weight of FCS diminished factor XII in rats– Novel FCS from Holothuria mexicana sea cucumber accelerated inhibition of thrombin– Sulfated fucans activated factors IIa and Xa | Khotimchenko, 2018Mou et al., 2017Pangestuti & Arifin, 2017 |
| Antioxidant | – High-scavenging activity towards NO radicals– Inhibition of lipid peroxidation processes– Moderate iron-chleating activity– Increase in glucathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in vivo– Reduction in hydrogen peroxide induced apoptosis upon treatment of macrophage cell line J774A.1 with lysoplatelet activating factory and lysophosphatidylcholine– Eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched phospholipids within triterpene glycosides reduced oxidative damage in rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cell line PC12 | Esmat et al., 2013Khotimchenko, 2018Nishikawa et al., 2015Wu et al., 2014 |
| Anti-inflammatory | – Downregulation of inflammation induced genes– NO production decrease within lipopolysaccharide stimulated RAW 264.7 cells | Olivera-Castillo et al., 2018Song et al., 2013 |
| Antidiabetic | – Sea cucumber hydrolysates resulted in hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and insulin-sensitizing effects within streptozotocin induced diabetic rats FCS promotes glucose uptake and consumption | Gong et al., 2021Wang et al., 2020 |