Table 1. Effects of natural minerals and their effects in various fish species

Natural minerals Zeolite Montmorillonite Bentonite Mordenite
Fish species Tilapia (Tilapia zillii) Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Rainbow trout (O. mykiss) Rainbow trout (O. mykiss) Rainbow trout (O. mykiss)
Addition concentration range (%) 0, 1, 2 0, 1 0, 1, 2, 4 0, 2.5, 5 0, 2.5, 5
Optimum concentration (%) 1 1 1 or 2 5 2.5
Fish size (g) 1.08 ± 0.01 87.9 0.5 ± 0.03 104.2 ± 0.7 104.2 ± 0.7
Duration (days) 45 150 90 90 90
Effects ↑ PER, ↓ Total ammonia ↑ WG, FE ↑ WG, SGR, FE, non-specific humoral immune responses ↑ WG, FE, SGR ↑ WG, FE, SGR
Water temperature (°C) 24.6 ± 0.77 11.4–14.0 10.6 ± 2 14.0–16.0 14.0–16.0
pH 8.33 ± 0.18 7.29–7.52 7.0 ± 0.2 NT
DO (mg/L) 6.27 ± 0.66 10.4–11.2 7.0 ± 0.1 6.0–9.0 6.0–9.0
Source Yıldırım et al. (2009) Obradović et al. (2006) Karimi et al. (2020) Eya et al. (2008) Eya et al. (2008)
↑ symbol, increase; ↓ symbol: decrease.
PER, protein efficiency ratio (%); WG, weight gain (%); FE, feed efficiency (%); SGR, specific growth rate (%/day); NT, not tested.