Table 2. Anticoagulant properties reported from sea cucumbers

Name	Major bioactive compound	Method used	Mechanisms	Reference
Acaudina leucoprocta	(→ 3)-α-L-Fucp-(1→)	APTT, PT, and TT activities were determined using a coagulometer	Selective AT activity through HCII	He et al., 2020
Apostichopus japonicus	Fucosylated glycosaminoglycan	Coagulometer	Inhibitory effect on Xase complex formation	Guan et al., 2019
Cucumaria syracusana	Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate	APTT, TT, TGT and anti-FIIa/AT and anti-FIIa/ HCII assays	Mediation of HCII	Chahed et al., 2020
Holothuria fuscopunctata	Fucosylated glycosaminoglycan	APTT assay, The potency for anti-iXase	APTT-prolonging activity	Zheng et al., 2022
H. fuscopunctata	Sulfated polysaccharides	Calibrated automated thrombography	Xase inhibition	Gao et al., 2020
Holothuria hilla	Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate	Clotting time assay	Inhibition of thrombin and factor Xa in the presence of ATIII	Ustyuzhanina et al., 2020
Holothuria polii	Fucoidans (1,376 kDa and 103.1 kDa)	Calibrated automated thrombography, BALB/C mice model	Inhibited thrombin generation, reduces platelet aggregation	Li et al., 2020a; Mansour et al., 2019
Holothuria floridana	-[l-Fuc2S4S-α(1,3)-l-Fuc-α(1,3)-Fuc-α(1,3)-l-Fuc2S-α(1,3)-l-Fuc2S-]n-. (443.4 kDa)	Plasma clotting assay	APTT-prolonging activity	Ning et al., 2022
Ludwigothurea grisea	Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate	Commercially available heparin anti-IIa kit and heparin anti-FXa kit	Inhibitory effect on Xase complex formation	Yin et al., 2022
Paracaudina chilensis	Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate	Clotting time assay	Inhibit thrombin and factor Xa in the presence of ATIII	Ustyuzhanina et al., 2020
Pattalus mollis	Sulfated polysaccharides	PTT, PT, and TT reagents and standard human plasma on a coagulometer	APTT prolonging and intrinsic factor Xase inhibition	Ma et al., 2021; Zheng et al., 2019
Stichopus monotuberculatus	Fucosylated glycosaminoglycan	Commercially available detection kits	Selectively inhibit intrinsic tenase complex	Yuan et al., 2022

APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; PT, Prothrombin Time; TT, Thrombin Time; HCII, heparin cofactor II; AT, anti-thrombin; FIIa, anti-factor IIa.