Table 1. Anticancer properties reported from sea cucumbers

Name	Major bioactive compound	Cell line/animal model	Mechanisms	Reference
Actinopyga lecanora	SaponinsTriterpene glycosides	T-47D breast cancer cells	Apoptotic induction	Santhanam et al., 2022
Apostichopus japonicus	Saponins	HL-60, B16F10, MCF-7, and Hep3B	Apoptosis	Dai et al., 2020
Bohadschia marmorata	Saponins	Human breast ductal carcinoma cell	Apoptotic induction	Nursid et al., 2019
Cucumaria frondosa	Isolated peptides	Breast cancer cells	Inhibit activities of EGFR, P13 K, AKT1, and CDK4	Wargasetia et al., 2021
Holothuria arenicola	Saponins	Swiss albino female mice (ascites carcinoma tumor model)	Suppress tumor growth	Mohamed et al., 2021
Holothuria atra	SaponinsTriterpene glycosides	Human breast ductal carcinoma cell, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cell lines, T-47D breast cancer cells	Cytotoxicity and apoptotic induction	Hawas et al., 2021; Nursid et al., 2019; Santhanam et al., 2022
Holothuria edulis	Holothurin A5	Hepatoma cancer, epidermoid carcinoma, LNCaP prostate cancer cells, MCF7 breast cancer cells, and SK-Mel2 cancer cells	Cytotoxicity	Hoang et al., 2020
Holothuria leucospilota	Protein	HepG2, A549, Panc02	Inhibition of cancer cell immigration	Ru et al., 2022
H. leucospilota	Methanolic extract	SK-BR-3 cells	Apoptosis	Khaledi et al., 2022
Holothuria tubulosa	Coelomic fluid	MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells	Impairment of cell cycle progression	Luparello et al., 2019
Isolated compound***Name of sea cucumber not specified	Holothurin A	Breast cancer cells	Inhibit ER-α, FGFR1, VEGFR2, and PRIGFR1 receptors in breast cancer cells	Yasman et al., 2020
Psolus chitonoides	Triterpene glycosides	HeLa and colorectal adenocarcinoma DLD-1	Cytotoxicity	Silchenko et al., 2021
Stichopus chloronotus	Stichoposide D	NTERA-2 cells	Apoptotic induction	Cuc et al., 2020
Stichopus vastus	Saponins triterpene glycosides	T-47D breast cancer cells	Apoptotic induction	Santhanam et al., 2022